What should I know about my fertility?

Fertility is influenced by several factors including age, ovulation, reproductive health and the health of both partners.

For some women pregnancy happens easily while for others it can take longer or require medical support.

Understanding how fertility changes through the reproductive years can help you make informed decisions about pregnancy now or in the future.

How does the menstrual cycle affect fertility?

Pregnancy is possible when an egg is released from an ovary and sperm are present around the time of ovulation.

Sperm can survive in the reproductive tract for several days while an egg remains available for fertilisation for around 12 to 24 hours. This means there is a fertile window around ovulation rather than just one day when pregnancy is possible.

How does age affect fertility?

Female fertility gradually declines with age because both the number and quality of eggs decrease over time. The decline becomes more noticeable during the mid-30s and continues as age increases.

This does not mean pregnancy is unlikely at a particular age but it can take longer to conceive and the risk of miscarriage increases with age.

Can periods or hormonal conditions affect fertility?

Regular ovulation is important for conception. Conditions that interfere with ovulation, including PMOS, can make it harder to become pregnant.
Endometriosis and some other reproductive conditions can also affect fertility.

Having irregular periods does not mean that pregnancy is impossible but it may be a reason to discuss fertility with your doctor.

What can I do before trying to conceive?

Preconception care provides an opportunity to review your general health, medications, vaccinations and any existing medical conditions.

A healthy lifestyle is also important. Folic acid supplementation should be started before conception and continued during early pregnancy.

When to see a doctor

If you are under 35 and have been trying to conceive for 12 months without becoming pregnant, fertility assessment is generally recommended.

If you are 35 or older, assessment is generally recommended after six months of trying. Earlier assessment may be appropriate when there are concerns such as very irregular periods, known endometriosis or other factors that may affect fertility.

Key points

Fertility depends on ovulation, egg and sperm health and several other factors.
There is a fertile window around the time of ovulation.
Female fertility gradually declines with age, particularly from the mid-30s.
Conditions such as PMOS and endometriosis can affect fertility.
Preconception care can help identify and address factors before pregnancy.
Fertility assessment may be appropriate sooner when there are known risk factors or concerns.

Medically reviewed by Dr Susana Rodriguez, menopause clinician at ClaraSana Women’s Health, Perth.

Our content is based on up-to-date Australian guidelines & may differ from information on other sites.

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