What is genitourinary syndrome of menopause?

Genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) is a medical term used to describe a collection of vaginal and bladder symptoms caused by lower hormone levels experienced during the stages of menopause.

This condition affects the tissues of the vulva, vagina and urinary tract and it can significantly influence your daily comfort, sexual health and overall quality of life.

Understanding why these changes happen is the first step towards recognising your symptoms and seeking effective treatment.

What does GSM affect?

This syndrome involves a range of physical changes that occur as the body moves past the menopause milestone. The reduction in oestrogen and androgens leads to the thinning of vaginal tissues and a decrease in natural lubrication which can make the area more fragile and prone to irritation.

It also impacts the health of the urinary tract and can affect the bladder and urethra which often results in increased urgency or discomfort during urination.

Left unmanaged these symptoms can progress over time and may require proactive care to maintain your comfort and health.

Common symptoms of genitourinary syndrome of menopause

Symptoms of this syndrome can vary significantly between individuals and they often develop gradually rather than appearing all at once.

Many women experience vaginal dryness or general discomfort alongside a persistent feeling of burning or itching in the genital area.

Other frequent signs include pain during sexual activity, an increased urgency to urinate and a higher susceptibility to recurrent urinary tract infections.

Why does GSM happen during menopause?

Oestrogen plays a vital role in supporting the health and elasticity of both vaginal and urinary tissues. Additionally, androgens are an essential regulator of genitourinary tissue, maintaining structure and blood flow.

When hormone levels decline after the transition the vaginal walls become thinner and less elastic, while natural lubrication decreases to cause dryness.

Additionally, the tissues of the urinary tract become more fragile which increases the risk of infections and reduced blood flow to the area can further contribute to physical discomfort.

Treatment options for genitourinary syndrome of menopause

Several effective treatment options can help relieve the symptoms of genitourinary syndrome of menopause.

Local oestrogen treatment in the form of creams or tablets applied directly to the vagina can help restore moisture and tissue health while improving urinary symptoms.

Non-hormonal moisturisers and lubricants can provide temporary relief from dryness and lifestyle measures such as maintaining sexual activity and using gentle cleansing products are also beneficial.

When to see a doctor

For those experiencing frequent infections, it is recommended to arrange a menopause consultation. This can provide clarity, evaluate treatment options and help ensure long-term comfort.

It is also important to seek professional guidance for persistent vaginal dryness, discomfort, or unusual bleeding, as well as pain during sex, frequent urinary tract infections or any sudden changes in urinary symptoms.

Early consultation can improve your comfort, reduce the risk of further complications and provide support for healthy ageing by protecting your sexual and urinary health.

Key points

Genitourinary syndrome of menopause is a collection of vaginal and urinary symptoms caused by declining hormone levels during menopause.
Common symptoms include vaginal dryness, irritation, pain during sex and urinary symptoms.
Local oestrogen treatment, non-hormonal moisturisers and lifestyle measures can help manage symptoms.
Medical advice is recommended for persistent, painful or frequent urinary symptoms.
Early treatment can improve quality of life and prevent complications.

Medically reviewed by Dr Susana Rodriguez, menopause clinician at ClaraSana Women’s Health, Perth.

Our content is based on up-to-date Australian guidelines & may differ from information on other sites.

Book Now